Neoverse Arm

This Technical Reference Manual is for the Neoverse N1 core. It provides reference documentation and contains programming details for registers. It also describes the memory system, the caches, the interrupts, and the debug features.

The ARM 1 building at Peterhouse Technology Park, CambridgeArm Holdings (stylized as arm) is a global and design company, owned by the Japanese and its Vision Fund. With its global headquarters in, in the United Kingdom, and its US headquarters in, its primary business is in the design of (CPUs), although it also designs under the DS-5, RealView and brands, as well as, (SoC) infrastructure and software. As a 'Holding' company, it also holds shares of other companies. It is considered to be for processors in ( or otherwise). The company is one of the best-known ' companies.Processors based on designs licensed from Arm, or designed by licensees of one of the, are used in all classes of computing devices (including in space ).

Examples of those processors range from to on the list, including the most energy-efficient one on the list. Processors designed by Arm or by Arm licensees are used as in, including safety systems (cars' ), systems ( ), (e.g.

), all modern (such as ), and are used as general-purpose processors in smartphones, tablets, (even also for running, traditional, programs ), and /, e.g. A CPU 'option' in 's supercomputers.Arm's of (GPU) are used in laptops, in over 50% of tablets by market share, and some versions of 's smartphones and smartwatches. It is the third most popular GPU in mobile devices.Systems, including smartphones, frequently include many chips, from many different providers, that include one or more licensed Arm cores, in addition to those in the main Arm-based processor. Arm's core designs are also used in chips that support many common network related technologies in smartphones:, and, in addition to corresponding equipment such as, and network providers' cellular.Arm's main CPU competitors in servers include. In mobile applications, Intel's x86 is a competitor.

AMD also sells Arm-based chips as well as x86; offers another RISC design for embedded systems. Arm's main GPU competitors include mobile GPUs from and increasingly and Intel.

Despite competing within GPUs, Qualcomm and Nvidia have combined their GPUs with an Arm licensed CPU.Arm had a primary listing on the and was a constituent of the. It also had a secondary listing on. However Japanese telecommunications company made an agreed offer for Arm on 18 July 2016, subject to approval by Arm's shareholders, valuing the company at £23.4 billion. Reloading powder brands. The transaction was completed on 5 September 2016.

Contents.History Name The acronym ARM was first used in 1983 and originally stood for 'Acorn RISC Machine'. ' first processor was used in the original and was one of the first RISC processors used in small computers. However, when the company was incorporated in 1990, What 'ARM' stood for changed to 'Advanced RISC Machines', in light of the company's name 'Advanced RISC Machines Ltd.'

– and according to an interview with the name change was also at the behest of Apple who did not wish to have the name of a former competitor – namely Acorn – in the name of the company. At the time of the in 1998, the company name was changed to 'ARM Holdings', often just called ARM like the processors.On 1 August 2017, the styling and logo were changed. The logo is now all lowercase and other uses of 'ARM' are in sentence case except where the whole sentence is upper case, so, for instance, it is now 'Arm Holdings'. Founding The company was founded in November 1990 as Advanced RISC Machines Ltd and structured as a between, Apple Computer (now ). The new company intended to further the development of the processor, which was originally used in the Acorn Archimedes and had been selected by Apple for their project.

Its first profitable year was 1993. The company's Silicon Valley and Tokyo offices were opened in 1994. ARM invested in Palmchip Corporation in 1997 to provide system on chip platforms and to enter into the disk drive market. In 1998, the company changed its name from Advanced RISC Machines Ltd to ARM Ltd. The company was first listed on the London Stock Exchange and in 1998 and by February 1999, Apple's shareholding had fallen to 14.8%.In 2010, Arm joined with, (since dissolved) and (now ) in forming a engineering company,. An ARM processor in a Hewlett-Packard PSC-1315 printer Technology A characteristic feature of Arm processors is their low consumption, which makes them particularly suitable for use in portable devices. In fact, almost all modern mobile phones and contain ARM CPUs, making them the most widely used microprocessor family in the world.

As of 2005, Arm processors accounted for over 75% of all 32-bit embedded CPUs.Arm processors are used as the main CPU for most mobile phones, including those manufactured by, and Samsung; many PDAs and, like the Apple and, and, and; as well as many other applications, including, devices. The WLAN processor of Sony's is an older. Licensees Arm offers several microprocessor core designs that have been 'publicly licensed' 830 times including 249 times for their newer 'application processors' (non-microcontroller) used in such applications as smartphones and tablets. Three of those companies are known to have a licence for one of Arm's (some including ARM's other 64-bit core the ) and four have a licence to their most powerful 32-bit core, the.Cores for include the, Cortex-A65AE,. Cores for include the,.

ARM's client roadmap includes Hercules in 2020 and Matterhorn in 2021.Cores for include Cortex-A32, Cortex-A15, and, and older 'Classic ARM Processors', as well as variant architectures for microcontrollers that include these cores:, and for licensing; the three most popular licensing models are the 'Perpetual (Implementation) License', 'Term License' and 'Per Use License'.Companies often license these designs from Arm to manufacture and integrate into their own (SoC) with other components such as (sometimes Arm's Mali) or / (for mobile phones). Arm also offers Artisan POP IP, where Arm partners with to provide physical implementation, which allows faster.In February 2016, Arm announced the Built on Arm Cortex Technology license often shortened to Built on Cortex (BoC) license. This license allows companies to partner with Arm and make modifications to Arm Cortex designs. These design modifications will not be shared with other companies. These semi-custom core designs also have brand freedom, for example.In addition to licenses for their core designs and BoC license, Arm offers an 'architectural license' for their, allowing the licensees to design their own cores that implement one of those instruction sets. An Arm architectural license is more costly than a regular Arm core license, and also requires the necessary engineering power to design a CPU based on the instruction set.CPU microarchitectures designed independently from Arm include:.

's, and used in their series and Falkor used in their series. has had an architecture license from March 2008.

Their, and, all subsequent Apple processors (used in, and ). 's, Denver 2 and used in their SoCs.

's and. 's, X-Gene 2 and X-Gene 3.

's M1/M2 (Mongoose), M3 (Meerkat) and M4 (Cheetah) used in their SoCs. 's A64fx.Arm core licensees Companies that are current licensees of the 64-bit core designs include, , and.Companies that are current or former licensees of 32-bit ARM core designs include AMD, Broadcom, (now ), , ( 32-bit MCU families), (older 'ARM11 MPCore'), Rockchip, Samsung,. Arm architectural licensees In 2013, Arm stated that there are around 15 architectural licensees, but the full list is not yet public knowledge.Companies with a 64-bit ARMv8-A architectural license include Applied Micro, , AMD, Samsung, and Apple.Companies with a 32-bit Arm architectural license include Broadcom , (ARMv4, ARMv5), Qualcomm, Intel, and Apple. Arm Built on Arm Cortex Technology licensees Companies that are current licensees of Built on ARM Cortex Technology include.

Mali licensees Companies that are current licensees of the designs include, and others.Artisan POP IP Artisan POP IP partners include,. Arm Flexible Access On 16 July 2019, Arm announced Arm Flexible Access. Arm Flexible Access provides unlimited access to included Arm (IP) for development.

Per product license fees are required once customers reaches foundry tapeout or prototyping.75% of Arm's most recent IP over the last two years are included in Arm Flexible Access. As of October 2019:. CPUs:,. GPUs:,. Total150Partnerships University of Michigan In 2011, Arm renewed a five-year, US$5 million research partnership with, which extended their existing research partnership to 2015. This partnership will focus on ultra-low energy. World's smallest computerAs of 21 June 2018, the ', or computer device (made by University of Michigan team), is based on an core.

Arduino In October 2017, announced its partnership with ARM. The announcement said, in part, 'ARM recognized independence as a core value of Arduino. Without any lock-in with the ARM architecture.' Arduino intends to continue to work with all technology vendors and architectures.

Intel In October 2018, ARM Holdings partnered with in order to share code for through the. Mbed OS On 20 October 2018, Arm unveiled, an for. On 8 October 2019, Arm announced a new Partner Governance model for partners to collaborate on the future roadmap. Partners include:,.

Autonomous Vehicle Computing Consortium (AVCC) On 8 October 2019, Arm announced the Autonomous Vehicle Computing Consortium (AVCC) to collaborate and accelerate development of.Members include: Arm,.Senior management was appointed Chief Executive Officer of Arm Holdings in October 2001. In the 2011 financial year, East received a total compensation of £1,187,500 from ARM, comprising a salary of £475,000 and a bonus of £712,500. East said in March 2013 that he would retire from Arm in May, with president taking over as CEO. In March 2014, former Rexam chairman succeeded as chairman.

Chambers, a non-executive director of Tesco and former chief executive of Nippon Sheet Glass Group, had previously worked at Mars and Royal Dutch Shell. See also.Notes. Archived from (PDF) on 27 January 2016. Retrieved 19 November 2015. Saxby, Robin (23 November 2006). Retrieved 27 May 2011.

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Cray claims its ARM compiler demonstrated better performance in two-thirds of 135 benchmarks, and much better performance – 20 percent or more – in one-third of them, compared to open source ARM compilers from LLVM and GNU. The Cray ThunderX2 blades can be mixed with other XC50 blades outfitted with Intel Xeon-SP or Xeon Phi processors and NVIDIA Tesla GPUs. Both air-cooled and liquid-cooled options are available. Cray already has one customer lined up for the ThunderX2-powered XC50: the Great Western 4 (GW4) Alliance, a research consortium of four UK universities (Bristol, Bath, Cardiff and Exeter). In January 2017, the alliance announced it had contracted Cray to build 'Isambard,' a 10,000-core ARM-based supercomputer, which will provide a Tier 2 HPC service. The UK’s Met Office was also involved on the deal, since it was interested in seeing how its weather and climate codes would run on such a machine. The system will be paid for out of a £3 million award from the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC).

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(Image credit: Arm)Arm announced today the first two chips for its “cloud-to-edge” platform, the Neoverse N1 and Neoverse E1. The N1 is a high-performance processor meant to be used in the data center, while the E1 processor is focused on serving devices and equipment powering 5G networks. Through the Neoverse ecosystem, Arm is attempting to cover all of its customers’ data center and Internet of Things (IoT) needs, and the N1 and E1 are core to these solutions. Neoverse N1, Arm’s Champion for the Server MarketArm isn’t trying to shy away from the fact that the N1 is meant to steal market share from incumbent server chip leader Intel. It said that N1 will have competitive performance in the server chip market, while also delivering higher efficiency and a lower total cost of ownership (TCO). The TCO includes both the upfront cost of the chips and the cost to run and maintain said chips over their entire lifetime.Arm claimed the is the first Arm platform to be designed from the ground-up for server infrastructure, while also committing to a roadmap that includes achieving more than 30 percent increase in performance each generation (every two years).(Image credit: Arm)The company seems to have achieved that goal already with the N1, which shows over 60 percent improvement over the.

Cortex-A72 started shipping in the beginning of 2016, and N1 chips or its variations should ship by the end of this year. Arm promised up to 2.5x server workload improvements compared to server chips based on the Cortex-A72 design. This large increase in performance is aided by a 30 percent increase in efficiency on the same process node, as well as from the switch to a 7nm process for N1-based silicon, versus the preceding 16nm.The N1 CPU has an 11-stage accordion pipeline that shortens in the presence of branch misses and lengthens in normal operation, thus acting like an accordion.(Image credit: Arm)The processor comes with a 4-wide front-end, 8-wide dispatch/issue, three full 64-bit integer ALUs and a dedicated branch unit. The NEON Advanced SIMD pipeline is now substantially wider, too, enabling dual 128-bit load / store operations.N1 was designed for 64+ core systems but can still be scaled down to 8 cores in edge designs. The company expects most system designs to have 64-96 cores at the high-end with 8-channel DDR4 or 96-128 cores with 8-channel DDR5 RAM, with the latter still fitting into less than a 200W power envelope. Neoverse E1 Targets the 5G Data-Heavy InfrastructureArm believes that the the global rollout of 5G wireless networks will require new infrastructure and a new class of compute capability to keep up with the rising data throughput demands.(Image credit: Arm)The chip is designed first and foremost to handle high throughput workloads, but high efficiency and performance were also big priorities for this design. According to the company, the E1 achieves a 2.7x throughput performance with 2.4x throughput-to-power efficiency and 2.1x compute performance over the consumer-focused Cortex-A53 CPU.(Image credit: Arm)Arm noted that the ideal use-cases for the Neoverse E1 chip would be its use in 8-core Power-over-Ethernet (PoE) driven wireless access device or low-power 5G edge transport node.

The systems could also scale up to multi-port 100Gbps devices, such as firewall appliances.The company revealed that 70-80 percent of the processor cycles on a Cortex-A53 or Cortex-A55 are wasted on misses. This means the core is stalled waiting for data to become available. To fix this, Arm made the E1 CPU an out-of-order design and also added capability to it. Both of these features led to a decrease in cache misses to just 30 percent.With the N1 and E1, Arm seems poised to both launch a serious assault against Intel in the server chip market, as well as serve the global 5G ecosystem of the next decade.